3/28/2023 0 Comments Exanima map .64![]() ![]() All may be saved hell exists but can be modified hell exists, but individuals may be rescued from it or may be released through purification. Briefly put, hell’s rivals are these: escape, periodic relief, and purification. ![]() Further, each tradition had to meet similar challenges: the rivals to hell. Because Judaism, Christianity, and Islam (the “Abrahamic” religions) all adopted an eternal hell, their hells have more in common than the distinctive elements of their respective creeds. 800, when Jews, Christians, and Muslims explored various ideas of life, death, justice, and mercy to shape what became a common perception of the punitive afterlife. Greco-Roman ideas and biblical Judaism together shaped the presentation of hell in the Christian Scriptures and the patristic period, a thesis I argued in an earlier work, The Formation of Hell. Hell became a fixture in European religion, social life, and political thought in the first centuries of the Common Era, yet the story of how it came to have this strategic position is not at all simple. Whatever one’s position, even hell’s deniers know what it is. In between, many wonder how divine justice and mercy can be reconciled. For some it is a basic element of faith for others it is a reason to reject religion altogether. Hell is one of the most influential and vexing of religious ideas. Byzantine Universalism: The Path Not TakenĬonclusionă55 Bibliography 359 Index 381 Calibrated Justice and Purgatorial Fireħ. The Punishments: Slavery, Torture, and HellĤ. Preface vii Acknowledgments xi List of Abbreviations xiiiģ. Germany or Italy, ninth century, © Victoria and Albert Museum, London. For further information, visit our website at Cover illustration: The Last Judgement. Such materials include vegetable-based, low-VOC inks and acid-free papers that are recycled, totally chlorine-free, or partly composed of nonwood fibers. B47 2017 (print) | LCC BL545 (ebook) | DDC 202/.3-dc23 LC record available at Cornell University Press strives to use environmentally responsible suppliers and materials to the fullest extent possible in the publishing of its books. | Hell-Judaism-History of doctrines-Middle Ages, 600–1500. | Hell-Islam-History of doctrines- Middle Ages, 600–1500. | Hell- Christianity-History of doctrines-Middle Ages, 600–1500. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Description: Ithaca : Cornell University Press, 2017. Title: Hell and its rivals : death and retribution among Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the early Middle Ages / Alan E. First published 2017 by Cornell University Press Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Bernstein, Alan E., author. ![]() For information, address Cornell University Press, Sage House, 512 East State Street, Ithaca, New York 14850. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or parts thereof, must not be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher. HELL AND ITS RIVALS DE ATH A ND R ETR I B UT I O N A M O N G C H R I ST I A NS, JE WS, A N D M US L I MS I N TH E EA R LY M I D D L E A G ESĬORNELL UNIVERSITY PRESS Ithaca and LondonĬopyright © 2017 by Cornell University All rights reserved. ![]()
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